Sirmium - today Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia

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Sirmium - Our route to the north should this time lead us passing Skopje, Nis and Belgrade along the main route E 75 or A1 / E 70 through the Balkans into the Serbian Vojvodina, next to previously little known Campsite Zasavica next to the city Sremska Mitrovica, once a Roman imperial palace with fortress which was called Sirmium.

We had the advice of the owner of Auto Camping Enigma Station 37 and had already seen first signs of the Camping Zasavica Station 39 along the highway after Belgrade, after all, still about 60 kilometers to go. Of course we were curious about what to expect. We missed a turn when approaching, so that initially the approach appeared somewhat complicated. After consultation with the place owner, Mr. Jovan Vukadinovic, we discovered detour quickly became clear. Very surprised we were about the quality of the camp, which we had not been experienced in this form in Serbia and probably fills position one in the country. But more on that later.

First information about Sirmium, the forman Roman city

Shortly after our arrival, we were also able to meet Jovan, who told us first details of surrounding places that should lead to further surprises. So there is, in the immediate vicinity of the square, a huge nature reserve of the same name, which is created and managed at the initiative of local citizens.

The nature park can visited by Camping travellers who like to travel the reserve with a ship, with small boats, in guided hiking tours or individually. It was a fascinating encounter with many happy memories that will occupy us further.

But now first back to the city Sremska Mitrovica, better Sirmium because we were interested in the Roman cultural history at first due to our project.

Sirmium - Capital of Roman province Pannonia inferior

At various locations in the city area you come across remnants and excavated architectural remains of the once important city Sirmium, capital of the Roman province of Pannonia inferior, later Pannonia Secunda, the center of Illyricum Prefecture and seat of the Bishops of Sirmium. Sirmium was initially a Celtic, and later an Illyrian settlement. It was conquered by the Romans after the Pannonian revolt in year 14 AD and then became part of the province of Pannonia. Under the Flavians Sirmium received the status of a colonia, thus the name Colonia Flavia Sirmium origins from.

After the division of the province of Pannonia under Trajan,  Sirmium became the capital of the eastern part of Pannonia inferior from  Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 103 AD, who even moved here with his headquarters during the Marcomanni wars.

296 it became the capital of the newly created province of Pannonia Secunda. During the reign of Emperor Diocletian, Galerius, Licinius and Constantine, the town it was imperial residence and was regarded as one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire.
Since 304 bishops from Sirmium are known. In the Imperial Palace the four synods of Sirmium (351-359) took place.

Sirmium - first achaeologs were Noël Duval, Đurđe Bošković and Vladislav Popović 

In 1960, a Yugoslav-French team of archaeologists led by Noël Duval, Đurđe Bošković and Vladislav Popović began to explore the material evidence of the Roman era and to secure the excavated remains of the Roman buildings. In the series Sirmium Archaeological Investigations in Syrmian Pannonia, the research results from the Archaeological Institute in Belgrade and from the École Française in Rome were published. As a result of the disintegration of SFRY 1991/1992, excavations were discontinued until further notice, so unfortunately more remains of the ancient ruins are not in particularly good condition. By no means the people and leaders of the city do not have recognized, about what splendid and tourists attractive jewel they have in principle.

Ten Roman emperors were born in the city of Sirmium and around:

     Herennius Etruscus (227-251)
     Hostilian (230? -251)
     Decius Traian (249-251)
     Claudius II. (268-270)
     Quintillus (270)
     Aurelian (270-75)
     Probus (276-82)
     Maximianus Herculius (285-310)
     Constantius II. (337-61)
     Gratian (367-83)

The last emperor of a united empire, Theodosius I (378-95), was crowned in Sirmium. The Roman usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus were declared (in 260) to emperors in the city and many other Roman rulers spent some time in Sirmium including Marcus Aurelius.

Excavations at the Imperial Palace

We came across the ruins of the fortification with remains of towers that can still be recognized for the importance the city once had. Of particular importance here are the excavations of the Imperial Palace, which is fortunately well protected by a magnificent, modern hall building in glulam construction. Amazingly well-preserved tile reliefs indicate the former importance of the town. Large parts of the Imperial Palace also allow insight into the workings of the ancient ruins, the Hypokaustensystem, the underfloor heating, is very well recognizable, supply lines for water are clearly understandable. Just the Imperial Palace Sirmium is worth the journey. Please, stay interested.

Sirmium: A journey through the history of an ancient metropolis

Imagine strolling through a quiet Serbian town and suddenly finding yourself standing on the foundations of a former Roman empire. This is exactly what awaits you in Sremska Mitrovica, once known as Sirmium – one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire. This place is a true treasure trove for history buffs, archaeology enthusiasts, and cultural travellers.

The Location of Sirmium – Today Sremska Mitrovica

Sremska Mitrovica is located in northwestern Serbia, in the Vojvodina region, directly on the banks of the Sava River. Its geostrategic location made Sirmium an important transportation hub in ancient times, connecting the Balkans with Central Europe. Today, the city is easily accessible by road and rail, making it an attractive destination for day trips and cultural tours.

Sirmium in Antiquity – One of Rome's Four Capital Cities

Did you know that in the 4th century AD, Sirmium was one of the four official capitals of the Roman Empire? Along with Trier, Milan, and Nicomedia, Sirmium played a central role in the administration of the vast empire. Sirmium was particularly important – politically, militarily, and economically – during the Tetrarchy under Diocletian.

The Founding and Early Development

Sirmium was probably founded by the Illyrians in the 1st century BC before coming under Roman control. Due to its proximity to the Sava River and its fertile farmland, the settlement developed rapidly. Under Emperor Augustus, the city was officially recognized as a colony and integrated into the Roman transport network.

The Economic Rise to a Metropolis

Sirmium flourished particularly through its trade in agricultural products, metals, textiles, and ceramics. The city was known for its craftsmanship and its strategic role as a trading centre between East and West. Thanks to its position at the crossroads of important Roman roads, Sirmium was a centre for trade, military affairs, and administration.

The Role of Sirmium in the Roman Empire

As the seat of numerous imperial residences, Sirmium was not only an administrative centre but also a place for imperial decision-making. Military operations against Germanic tribes and Persia were coordinated from here. The city was equipped with walls, palaces, thermal baths, forums, and theatres – comparable to Rome itself.

The Twelve Emperors of Sirmium

Unbelievable, but true: Twelve Roman emperors were born in Sirmium or ruled from there. Among them are well-known names such as Probus, Decius, Claudius II Gothicus, and Aurelian. Sirmium was, so to speak, the "political breeding ground" of the Roman Balkans.

Archaeological Finds and Excavations

Since the 20th century, the remains of Sirmium have been systematically excavated. The Srem Archaeological Museum, in particular, presents impressive finds: jewellery, coins, weapons, statues, and everyday objects. These pieces provide fascinating insights into the lives of the Roman elite and the common people.

The Imperial Palace Complex

At the heart of the ancient city was the imperial palace complex, a monumental building with luxurious furnishings, marble floors, a heating system, and magnificent wall paintings. Parts of it are visible today and can be visited – a true highlight for any history buff.

The Ancient Amphitheatre of Sirmium

The amphitheatre of Sirmium could accommodate up to 15,000 spectators – a testament to the city's size and cultural significance.

Gladiator fights, animal hunts, and theatrical performances took place here. Today, only ruins remain of its former splendour, but the atmosphere is still palpable.

Roman Roads and Mosaics

Among the most fascinating finds are the remains of ancient paved streets and elaborate mosaics depicting scenes from mythology and everyday life.

These works of art demonstrate how progressive and aesthetically pleasing Roman civilization was, even in the province.

Sirmium in the Middle Ages and its Transformation

With the fall of the Roman Empire, Sirmium was destroyed several times, including by the Huns and Avars.

During the Middle Ages, the city lost its importance but remained a regional center. The name changed to Mitrovica, named after Saint Demetrius.

Sremska Mitrovica Today – Living History in a Modern City

Today, Sremska Mitrovica is a dynamic city with around 40,000 inhabitants.

Historical remains blend harmoniously into the cityscape. Museums, parks, cafés, and restaurants make a visit pleasant and varied.

The residents are proud of their Roman heritage and maintain it with great dedication.

Tourist Highlights in Sremska Mitrovica

If you visit Sirmium, you shouldn't miss these sights:

  • Srem Archaeological Museum
    • Palace Remains and Thermal Baths
    • Church of St. Demetrios
    • City Park with Roman Foundations
    • Roman Amphitheatre
    • River Promenade along the Sava

The region also has a lot to offer in terms of cuisine – be sure to try the local specialties such as Ćevapi, pita, and rakija.

Conclusion: Why a Visit to Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) is Worth It

Sirmium is a jewel of European history – an ancient metropolis that once made world history. In Sremska Mitrovica, you encounter this past at every turn. If you want to experience history up close, this is the place for you. Whether as a stopover, study trip, or cultural day trip: Sirmium will leave an impression – guaranteed!

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions about Sirmium

1. Where exactly is Sirmium?
Sirmium is located in present-day Sremska Mitrovica in northern Serbia, in the region of Vojvodina.

2. How old is Sirmium?
Its origins date back to the 1st century BC. The city was particularly important in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD.

3. Can archaeological sites be visited?
Yes, many sites are accessible, including the Imperial Palace, the Amphitheatre, and the Srem Museum.

4. Which Roman emperors originated from Sirmium?
Twelve Roman emperors are associated with Sirmium, including Decius, Aurelian, and Probus.

5. Is Sremska Mitrovica a tourist destination?
Yes, there is good infrastructure, accommodation, guided tours, and a rapidly growing cultural offering.

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