In the articles on Roman history of their development, the term Civitas is mentioned again and again, which in the literal translation from Latin means something like "citizenship".
The expansion of the Roman Empire into Anatolia, the Near East and North Africa is partly paralleled by the expansion of the Roman Empire across the Alps.
In our article about the origin of the Celtic immigrants to Asia Minor, we had already roughly written about the local division of the tribes. Basically, the ethnic group of the Celts who immigrated to Asia Minor is also referred to as Galatians.
Water wheels are known from many countries around the world, which use the flowing water as an ecological source of energy to operate machines or devices such as grain mills or sawmills, in which the water power sets a wheel in rotation and the rotational energy is then transmitted to the machines via belt drives.
When the term "Limes" is mentioned, almost everyone immediately thinks of the Roman defense system that ran from the Rhine to the Danube and represented the border between the Roman Empire and the "Free Germania", perhaps also of Hadrian's Wall, which separated England and Scotland.
For us modern people, many technical facilities have become so natural that we use them without thinking and never even think of asking ourselves how these things were done in the past.
Every now and then one hears in the local news during the execution of road works that a milestone has been found, because all too often modern traffic routes directly passes on top of the old routes of the past centuries, sometimes even Roman roads.
In our article on Prof. Dr. (em) Sahin Sencer we already briefly mentioned the sensational find of the Stadiasmos Patarensis.
Ancient writings found in the Greek port city of Pylos, so-called Linear B documents, date from the early 12th century BC.
The empire of the Seleucids belonged to the so-called Diadoch states, which had been formed after the death of Alexander the Great by dividing the huge empire of Alexander among its former leaders.
During our travels through the ancient places of Turkey we often came across the term Pontos trading region or Pontos Greeks. But what was the Pontos trading region or who were the Pontos Greeks? A little research in the history helped to get to the bottom of this question.
Mithridates (132 BC - 63 BC), known as Eupator Dionysus, went down in history as one of the great opponents of the Romans' attempts at expansion.
“50 kilometers long, 150 meters wide and 25 meters deep - the project planned by the former Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan, who is now president, is gigantic.
We had walked back from Heidentor along Heidentorgasse to the centre of Petronell-Carnuntum, then followed the signs to the military camp on the main road.
After an extensive tour through the amphitheatre and the gladiator school outside the civilian city of Carnuntum, we made our way to the Heidenor.
After we had thoroughly inspected the amphitheatre during our tour, we noticed a wooden structure in the immediate vicinity that had also sparked our interest: the so-called gladiator school.
Next to the Roman military camp of Carnuntum, which was located directly on the banks of the Danube on the Pannonian Limes, the civilian city of Carnuntum developed in quick steps in addition to the military camp until it became the administrative centre of the Roman province of Pannonia at the beginning of the 2nd century AD.
When you think about the Roman era and then use the term “games”, almost everyone who has dealt with the Roman era thinks of the gladiatorial fights in arenas such as Avenches in Switzerland, of chariot races in stadiums like that of Afrodisias or theater performances like in the imposing theater of Aspendos.
At first, it was just a poster on the banks of the Traun, which drew our attention to the Roman past of the modern town of Wels.
At latest with the finding of the map Tabula Peutingeriana many locations along the Roman roads are to be assigned to today's cities.